What Is an Interior Solution

An interior solution is a choice made by an agent that can be characterized as an optimum located at a tangency of two curves on a graph. A classic example of an interio solution is the tangency between a consumers budget line (characterizing the maximum amounts of good X and good Y that the consumer can afford) and the highest possible indifference curve. The slope of that tangency is where: (marginal utility of X)/(price of X) (marginal utility of Y)/(price of Y) Contrast interior solution with corner solution. (Econterms) Terms related to Interior Solution: Corner solution About.Com Resources on Interior Solution:None Writing a Term Paper? Here are a few starting points for research on Interior Solution: Books on Interior Solution:None Journal Articles on Interior Solution:None Return to Main Page

Non Profit Organizations That Help Those With Disabilities

Disabled people often deal with many challenges every day. Tasks that normal people do daily are very delicate and difficult for disabled people. People with disabilities are treated differently than those who do not have a disability. A disability is a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, senses, or activities. Learning about people living with a disability can help overcome misinformation and misunderstanding. There are about seven billion people in the world. Approximately fifteen percent of the world’s population lives with some form of disability. There are two types of disabilities - impairment and handicaps. While a disability is a life-changing challenges experience, most people find impressive and innovative ways to cope in their lives. There are many non-profit organizations that help those with disabilities. The Arc is selected as number one on top non-profit working for people with disabilities for more than sixty years and is the largest national community-based organization. They serve people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, helping to support people with disabilities. Parents who have children with disabilities talk with a group of parents to discuss the problems of disabilities. Parents and The Arc want the children with disabilities have a fulfilling life, and not have a difficult time growing up. The Arc helps make changes for those people diagnosed with other ranges of disabilities. The ArcShow MoreRelatedCultural Change Initiative - Timely, A Non Profit Organization1430 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Change Initiative – Timely, a Non-Profit Organization The organization I would like to lead in a cultural change is a non-profit I have been a volunteer at for over a year. In order to respect the privacy of this non-profit, I will refer to them by the name of Timely. In my time spent at Timely, I have noticed lack of diversity in the board members, employees, and volunteers. The non-profit works towards helping those from a diverse background and demographic. Therefore, I have thoughtRead MoreCultural Change Initiative : Timely, A Non Profit Organization1517 Words   |  7 PagesState College Cultural Change Initiative – Timely, a Non-Profit Organization The organization I would like to lead in a cultural change is a non-profit I have been a volunteer at for over a year. In order to respect the privacy of this non-profit, I will refer to them by the name of Timely. In my time spent at Timely, I have noticed lack of diversity in the board members, employees, and volunteers. The non-profit works towards helping those from a diverse background and demographic. Therefore,Read MoreChanging A Little At A Time1306 Words   |  6 Pagesgoal, to make a difference, no matter how much money I have. I have decided that in my own community I can make a difference with those in poverty, disabilities, and other issues that may arise. Growing up I had big dreams about making a difference. It was something that I felt really strongly about. I had dreams to go live in a foreign county to give service and help their community. I had dreams to go to Zambia, Africa where a family friend established a school. I wanted to go teach at the schoolRead MoreComparative Studies1237 Words   |  5 PagesComparative Studies Dominique Comparative Studies There are many forms of health care organizations, they are grouped by their financial structures, and sources of funding. The three types that exist in the United States are for-profit, non-profit, and government funded organizations. The financial resources and how profit is appropriated are different amongst all three types of organizations. Government Funded The most well-known government funded health care system is the Department ofRead MoreCommunity Service: Specific Programs for Specific Needs1045 Words   |  5 PagesService organizations have always played a vital role in society. For decades, those in need have always been able to find assistance with basic needs at a local church or shelter. As society has evolved, so has the availability and types of assistance that can be found. There are now various charitable organizations offering a wide range of specialized services to those in need. Owasso Community Resources and Goodwill Industries of Tulsa are two such organizations. Both are registered non-profitsRead MoreA Health Care Delivery System905 Words   |  4 Pages Able 2 is a non-profit organization aiming to support, advocate, and provide services to disabled persons. What was once a small, parent-led association for children with cerebral palsy, is now a much larger agency that delivers assistance, housing, and many other services to the developmentally disabled community and their families in the rural areas of upstate New York. Applying the Roemer Model to Able 2’s health care system gives a meaningful understanding of its organization, and recommendationsRead MoreDisabled Care in Brunei914 Words   |  4 Pagescare is categorised as people who are lack of abilities to function properly in their daily life for example physical disability, sensory disability, vision impairment or mental health problems. According to the United Nation, in 2012 there were 4,148 people or 1.06% of the total population consists of people with disability in Brunei (Mahmud, 2013). There are several non-profit organisations established in Brunei with the purpose of providing specialised care for the disabled such as SMARTER, TheRead MoreThe Fight Against Poverty Around The World1394 Words   |  6 Pages The social enterprises open a variety of employment opportunities for the people with disabilities, ma rginalized groups, youth, and women. In many countries the social enterprises are working closely together with the governmental organizations, both at national and local level. Today, entrepreneurs and enterprises with social responsibility around the world receive support from the non-profit organizations, foundations, governments, and individuals. However, despite the fact that the benefitsRead MoreDelivery Of Services At Local Libraries1169 Words   |  5 Pageswould like to participate in. In addition, those who do not require residential care but still are in need of disability services can receive support programs to help with daily functions. Able 2’s Day Habilitation provides their clients with social workers, nursing personnel, speech pathologists, occupational and physical therapy, as well as dietician guidance and physiological support (Able 2, 2016g). In addition to providing outside services to clients, those who require residential care receive aroundRead MoreThe Model Of A Health Care Delivery S ystem1165 Words   |  5 Pagesdelivery system shows the different necessary elements for a system to be successful. As health needs are the input; the system needs resources, organization of programs, economic support mechanisms, and delivery of services to provide the health needs output (Roemer, p 33). Able 2 is an organization that provides services to people with disabilities. They have many resources, but perhaps not enough to meet the health needs of every consumer. They have well organized programs, have economic support

Reputation Free Essays

Michael Sells 10/29/2012 Period:3rd Reputation Essay In life today there are numerous people that have different views on reputation. Reputation could be a desired thing to for people that worry about what people think of them. In a reversal view of reputation, some people don’t care what people think about them and go on about their life being who they truly are. We will write a custom essay sample on Reputation or any similar topic only for you Order Now All throughout history athletes in sports are sometimes viewed by their reputation and what others think about them. With good reputation people will look up to them and follow them in their life to try to be like them, and a lot of athletes love that. Athletes with bad reputations are most of the time, very dis-liked. An example of that would be Terrell Owens, because people see him on and off the field smack talking and being cocky everywhere he goes and the majority of the people hate that and start to get mad when they see him because of his reputation. In my opinion reputation is an important thing to have in life. With a good reputation, one would be treated better by people, better liked, and go further in life. I say that because, if there is an opportunity in person’s job where they can get a raise or move up from the position they are in, that person is more likely to succeed in that, than a person with a bad reputation. A person with a bad reputation won’t get the opportunity to be in the same position as the other person with the good reputation because; they wouldn’t be trusted as well. Shakespeare writes â€Å"reputation is an idle and most false imposition, oft got without merit and lost without deserving† the significance of that quote pertaining to the play is that the line is spoken by Iago who is the villain to Cassio. Cassio at that time fallen into dishonor, causing Othello to dismiss him as an officer, and Cassio is devastated and cries out â€Å"Reputation! Reputation! Reputation! O I have lost my reputation! † In the part of the quote that says â€Å"reputation is an idle and most false imposition.. †, and Iago tries to convince Cassio is that reputation is an empty and entirely imaginary â€Å"false† thing. Also that many people who have a good reputation, haven’t done anything to earn it, which is the â€Å"merit† part of the quote. Then â€Å"†¦ without deserving† means that, many people who have lost reputation haven’t done anything to deserve the loss of it. How to cite Reputation, Papers

Contract Formation Law and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Contract Formation for Law and Practice. Answer: Introduction: A contract is a document which creates legal relations between two or more parties, and in which two or more parties promise to do something, in exchange for a consideration[1]. A contract has six essential elements, which are an offer, an acceptance, a consideration, capacity, clarity and intent[2]. Consideration is a crucial element of a contract, and without a consideration, the contacts are considered void in majority of the cases[3]. In the following parts, the various aspects related to consideration have been highlighted. Consideration is the value which is promised by one of the contracting parties, during the formation of the contract, to the other contracting parties, for doing or from refraining to do the promised task. In short, consideration is the price for the promise made[4]. Without a consideration, the contract is void, unless such a contract is made to compensate, whether partly or wholly, for the promise which has already been fulfilled, or such a contract is written and registered within the applicable law, and is given on account of affection and natural love, amongst the contracting parties[5]. Consideration is one of the critical hinges, upon which the contracting system is based[6]. The consideration can be anything, which has certain value, and includes goods or series, which are generally exchanged under the contract, so as to give the validity to the contract. For a specific promise, the consideration exists when some benefit, right, interest or profit is accrued due to some responsibility or forbearance, which has been given or undertaken due by the promise[7]. It signifies that some kind of advantage or benefit has been passed on to a party, or some loss or detriment has been suffered by the other party. So, consideration has an evidentiary purpose in the eyes of the law, as it signifies loss, detriment, interest or benefit, undertaken or suffered by the other party[8]. The consideration has to be executed or executory, but it cannot be past. In other words, the consideration has to be brought into existence, either after or with the promise[9]. If the consideration comes before the promise, it is not considered a good consideration. In the case of Roscorla v Thomas[10], this very notion was held, and the judges concluded that the promise was not binding. This was because in this case, the sole consideration which was provided in the promise regarding the soundness of the horse was related to the entering in the original contract; and this happened even before the promise was made. Consideration can be anything which is decided between the parties, as long as it has an economic value[11]. In the case of Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd[12], Lord Somervell held that the consideration can stipulated by the contracting parties. This is a landmark case confirming the doctrine that the consideration needs not to be adequate, but has to be sufficient. As the wrappers were more than simply a condition which was precedent, the three wrappers were considered as a party of the consideration. In general parlance, adequacy and sufficiency, have same meaning, but when it comes to the legal parlance, adequacy relates to the situation in which the price which an individual pays is disproportionate to the value of the thing which the individual receives in return[13]. For instance, Harry pays a price of $50 for a duplex; in such a case, it can be said without a doubt that the consideration is not adequate. Though, the courts view that it is the personal wish of an individual to decide at which price they want to sell the products or services, and so, the validity of a contract is not affected by the inadequacy of consideration. In the case of Grogan v. Cooke[14], Manners LC stated that the court will not minutely check the consideration for being full or ample, if it is evident that bona fide, the consideration is fair. It is quite correct notion that the courts do not consider each and every consideration to be adequate or inadequate as it would prove cumbersome and impracticable for the courts. This is because it is beyond the means of the court to fix or ascertain a value for the good or services contained in the contract, before they are bought to the court. For a consideration to be taken as sufficient, it has to be clearly established in the eyes of law that the consideration has an economic value[15]. Along with the consideration having an economic value, it needs to be of a kind or in a manner in which is recognized in the eyes of the law. There have been various instances where the insufficient consideration is considered acceptable and lawful, and these include cases of natural love, affection, prayers, moral duty, amongst the other things. For instance, if an individual promised to carry out certain task, which was already obligated upon him by the law, in such a case, this would not amount to being a sufficient consideration to form a contract. This is because, here the individual simply repeats the obligation which is already required of them, and there is no new obligation. A duty which is already owed by the individual, the performance of such a duty is an insufficient consideration under the law[16]. In the case of Collins v Godefrey[17], after a subpoena had been issued to the plaintiff, he had given the evidence at the civil trial. Later on, the defendant made a promise where he would pay a fee of six guineas to the plaintiff. But, it was held subsequently that the owed fee could not be recovered by the plaintiff, due to the absence of a consideration for the promise, as he was under a legal obligation to attend the trial as per the subpoena. So, when the law imposes a public duty over an individual, it cannot be considered as a sufficient consideration. When an individual is bound by the terms of the pre-existing contract, which creates an obligation over the other party, the sufficiency of the consideration is absent[18]. If a promise is made by plaintiff to the other party, to carry out a promise which was previously made by the other party, in such a case, the consideration taken to be insufficient. This is because the plaintiff owes the promise to the other party already, due to the pre-existing contract, and hence, the promise is to meet the obligation which is already owed to the other party[19]. This can be seen in the matter of Stilk v Myrick[20], the plaintiff was under the obligation because of a pre-existing contract, to sail a ship from London to Baltic and bring it back. Before the ship could go back to London, two of the members of the crew jumped the ship. The work of the two members was done by the other crew members and as a kind gesture towards the crew, for doing the extra work, the captain promised, that the wages of the jumped crew members, would be divided between the rest of the crew members. But, upon returning to London, the ship owner refused to pay the promised extra wage. The claim made by the defendant was that the work done by the members was the one which the contract required them to undertake and so, no extra wages had to be paid. This reasoning was agreed upon the court and stated that the crew members had simply carried on the work, which was obligated on them, and which was to sail the ship back to home, as per their contract. Generally, affection and natural love are the promises which are made with the families. In the matter of Re Wilson[21], the father had made a promise to give his property to his son for love and affection. Following this, he made a promise to pay an allowance to his son, as assistance in the maintenance of the property. In this case, the judge Johnson J considered that the relationship between the case parties, along with the circumstances in which the dealing took place, made it impossible to hold this as a bounty by a father on his son, and not the making of a bargain which involved mutual consideration. In other words, the judge held that there was no agreement for a valuable consideration. The decision was rightly made in this case, as the father made a generous promise by giving his property to his son and the maintenance allowance. As has already been highlighted in the earlier parts, the court cannot decide the value of the time of son or the materials that are needed for the assistance or maintenance of the property, and so, it is difficult to agree with the decisions of the judges. In one of the Canadian cases of Zecevic v The Russian Orthodox Christ the Saviour Cathedral[22], the church, along with its priest was sued by the plaintiff, after the priest failed to perform the funeral service. The subject of money never arose between the priest and the plaintiff, the plaintiff had not paid any fees to the plaintiff for the funeral service, and a fee was not set for the funeral services. But, the experience of priest dictated that the payment for such series ranged from 0 to $800, and it customary to pay the priest for the funeral. Gray J, in t he Ontario High Court, stated that in the given case, there was an absence of an intention, to enter into legal relationship, as there was no promise regarding the payment. And this implies that there was an insufficient consideration in this agreement. In the case of Pando v. Fernandez[23], prayer was considered as an essential part of the contract amongst the parties. Since the efficiency of the prayer could not be measured or proved in any court, so, a prayer was not taken as a sufficient consideration. In this case, the plaintiff was very religious and he had claimed that he had made a purchase of the winning lottery ticket, the worth of which was $2.8 million, with the money of the defendant, as she had promised to give him a share of the prize money on equal basis, provided that he prayed to Saint Eleggua, and produce the lottery number of her ticket, so that she could win the lottery. The New York Supreme Court held that the plaintiff could not provide the evidence that the prayer was effective and that the prayers of the saint had resulted in the selection of the lottery numbers, which led to the winning of lottery. So, it cannot be proved that the terms of the contract had been complied with. Further, the court stated that an antithesis of proof or evidence is faith. Hence, an individual cannot establish that the prayers or faith has resulted in an event. The judges emphasized on the part that the prayer was the main question here and not the winning numbers. And so, the consideration was not sufficient in this case[24]. But when an act is done, which is beyond the duty stated, it can be considered as a valid consideration. An example of this is the case of Glasbrook Bros Ltd v Glamorgan[25], in which the plaintiff had requested the police to provide him with a guard for full time, which would protect the mine during the strike and in exchange, money was offered. The judges held that even though it was the duty of the police to protect, it was not their duty to provide an individual with a full time guard. And so, the payment for the guard service was a valid consideration, as it was beyond the call of duty. Also, if the duty covered in the pre-existing contract is exceeded, then it is taken to be sufficient consideration. In the case of Hartley v Ponsonby[26], the crew was offered addition money if they remained loyal and agreed to work in dangerous conditions. Since, this money was offered for something which was beyond their pre-existing contract, it was held to be a sufficient consideration. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that consideration is a crucial element to any contract and without a valid consideration, the contract is not valid. Though, there are various exceptions to this rule and these are the cases of contract covering prayer, moral duty, love and affection, amongst the other things. Consideration can be anything which is stipulated or fixed between the contracting parties, as long as it has an economic value. In the previous parts, the various aspects of contract were also highlighted. The consideration cannot be a past consideration and has to be executed or executory. Most importantly, a consideration can be inadequate, as the parties are free to decide what it is; but, it cannot be insufficient. The sufficiency of the consideration relates to the consideration having value in the eyes of law. So, it can be summarized that a consideration is an important element of a contracts, and has to be sufficient in the eyes of law, though it can be inadequate, due to the freedom provided to the parties, to choose what the consideration would be. Bibliography Andrews, A, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) Carter, JW, Peden, E, and Tolhurst, G, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Elliott, C, and Quinn, F, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 9th ed, 2013) Furmston, M, and Tolhurst, GJ, Contract Formation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) Gibson, A, and Fraser, D, Business Law 2014 (Pearson Australia, 2014) Latimer, P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed., 2012) Macdonald, E, and Atkins, R, Koffman Macdonald's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 8th ed, 2014) McKendrick, E and Liu, Q, Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) Miller, R, and Jentz, G, Business Law Today: The Essentials (Thompson Advantage Books, 8th ed, 2007) Poole, J, Casebook on Contract Law (Oxford University Press, 2016) Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 Collins v Godefrey (1831) 1 B Ad 950 Glasbrook Bros Ltd v Glamorgan [1925] AC 270 Grogan v. Cooke (1812) 2 Ball B 230 Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) 7 EB 872 Pando v. Fernandez, 127 Misc.2d 224 (N.Y. Sup Ct. 1984) Re Wilson (1933) IR 729 Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Zecevic v The Russian Orthodox Christ the Saviour Cathedral [1988] O.J. No. 1282 Australian Contract Law, Consideration (2015) https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-consideration.html#considpast Alden, S, Ottaway, A, and Tetstall, J, Australia: Drafting contracts: guidance on managing ambiguity (2012) https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/163072/Contracts+Deeds/Drafting+contracts+guidance+on+managing+ambiguity Casetext, Pando V. Fernandez (2017) https://casetext.com/case/pando-v-fernandez-2 Hong, C, What are the elements of a contract? (29 July 2015) https://www.hillhouse.com.au/legal-question/what-are-the-elements-of-a-contract/ Lawyer, Creating a Contract (2017) https://www.lawyer.ie/company-law/creating-a-legally-enforceably-contract/ The Law Handbook, Elements of a contract (30 June 2015) https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/

Bilingual Education Research Paper Example

Bilingual Education Research Paper Example Bilingual Education Paper Bilingual Education Paper Despite having many researches proving that bilingual children provide greater than (or at least at the same level as) the monolingual children, there is constant debate whether to provide bilingual children with bilingual education or programs that focus uniquely on acquiring English. Bilingual education is the teaching of all subjects in school using two different languages - English and Spanish or Chinese depending which is the native language of the student. Definition According to Ovando, Combs and Collier (2006) bilingual education is not a single uniform program or a consistent methodology for teaching language minority students. Bilingual education includes a number of different program models with a number of distinct goals. Other programs may promote the development of two languages for bilingualism and biliteracy while others use the students’ first language so that students may better learn English. Some bilingual education programs preserve an indigenous or heritage language as an ethnic, cultural, or community resource. There are programs that aim to incorporate students into the mainstream of society (Baker 2001). Thus, as Cazden and Snow (1990) stress, bilingual education is â€Å"a simple label for a complex phenomenon† since not all programs necessarily â€Å"concern the balanced use of two languages in the classroom† (Baker, 2001). (Throughout this paper, the terms L1 and L2 to denote the child’s language, L1 for their native language and L2 for the language they are acquiring. ) The inseparable connection between language and culture brings bilingual programs to include historical and cultural components associated with the languages being used. As Ulibarri (1972) says: In the beginning was the Word. And the Word was made flesh. It was so in the beginning and it is so today. The language, the Word, carries within it the history, the culture, the traditions, the very life of a people, the flesh. Language is people. We cannot conceive of a people without a language, or a language without a people. The two are one and the same. To know one is to know the other (p. 295). Historical Background Discussing the historical background of bilingual education in the United States indicates that there is a cyclical pattern with regard to language policies and programs (Korschun, 2006). Furthermore, studying the origins of bilingual education helps to understand its present undertakings and its future effectiveness. There are few references that account the history of bilingual education. In this paper, I rely predominantly on Ovando et al’s account of the history of bilingual education. The 1800s. Contrary to the common perception in the United States, schools in the United States use for instruction multiple languages other than English during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Because of the increasing establishments of homesteads of different groups of different languages and countries of origin in US territories, a general sense of geographical and psychological openness existed. Some communities were self-sufficient and agrarian based while some were ethnic pockets in urban areas (Ovando, 1978b). According to historical records, many schools in the nineteenth century, both public and private, used languages other than English for instruction. In fact, during this century, following the annexation of the Territory of New Mexico, a school’s curriculum may use either Spanish or English or even both as medium for instruction (Leibowitz, 1971). In 1900, at least 600,000 children in US received part or all of their schooling in German in public and parochial schools (Crawford, 2004; Ovando Wiley, 2003; Kloss, 1977; Tyack, 1974). Many other states passed laws providing for schooling in languages other than English (Crawford, 1992, 2004). Some public schools provided bilingual or non-English-language instruction during the second half of the nineteenth century. The 1900s. Between 1900 and 1910, over 8 million immigrants were admitted to the United States majority of which came from Europe (Stewart, 1993). Because of this, the struggle for power to control institutions became imminent. One solution to this power struggle focused on schools. This solution came in the form of â€Å"Americanizing† all immigrants. By 1919, 15 state laws had been passed calling for English Only instruction (Higham, 1992). During the first half of the twentieth century, many schools already implemented the English dominant instruction which was impelled by many factors such as the standardization and bureaucratization of urban schools (Tyack, 1974), the need for national unity during the two world wars, and the desire to centralize and solidify national gains around unified goals for the country (Gonzalez, 1975). In fact, from World War I to the 1960s, language-minority students were severely punished whenever they used a language other than English in the classroom, or even on the playground. This policy continued until the 1950s resulting to an enormous loss of many indigenous languages (Crawford, 2004; Ovando Wiley, 2003). The consequence of this action is still visible today. The ambivalence of language-minority parents toward bilingual education reflects fears that their children will be punished for using a language other than English (Arias Cassanova, 1993). The early 1920s saw yet another restrictive immigration laws. These immigration laws, passed by the US congress, created a national-origins quota system. These extremely restrictive laws discriminated against eastern and southern Europeans and even excluded Asians. This resulted to fewer numbers of new immigrants while second-generation immigrants dropped the use of their native languages. Moreover, bilingual education disappeared for nearly have a century in US public schools (Crawford, 1992a).

The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Essays

The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Essays The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Paper The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Paper I would wish to first start by giving a short life of Karl Rahner as described by the Karl Rahner Society. He was born in Freiburg, Germany, on March 5, 1904 and died in Innsbruck, Austria, on March 30, 1984. He entered the Jesuit order in 1922 and he was one of the most influential theologists in the Vatican II epoch. His essays covered a wide scope of subjects ; most of these issues were what concerned the Catholics from the 1940 s to the 1980 s. His essays provided many resources for both academic and pastoral divinity. He was rather popular in his native German-speaking states through his instruction, lectures, editorial labours and rank in erudite societies. He was published in international publications like Concilium. He had a big aggregation of plants 1651 publications ( 4744 including reissues and interlingual renditions ) ; He besides enjoyed a positive response of his parts by many Protestant minds. Rahner s influence became more apparent after his service as an official apostolic theological expert from1960 to 1965 before and during the Second Vatican Council. To understand how Rahner arrives at his construct of the anon. Christian, it is of import to understand the footing of thoughts of Rahner. He was greatly influenced by Immanuel Kant, Heidegger, and the Belgian Jesuit Joseph Marechal. The footing of Rahner s ideas comes from a vision of the universe being a profound country of God s self-communication. Rahner s first two books were Spirit in the World and Hearer of the Word. Rahner s place, as written in his essays, was profoundly rooted in the Ignation manner of thought, believing that God is in all things, sacramental piousness, and devotedness to Jesus and the Catholic philosophy. Rahner addresses the anon. Christian in an interview provided to Rev. Norman Wong Cheong Sau in an article titled Karl Rahner s Concepts of the Anonymous Christian an Inclusivist View of Religions, he provided his personal definition of anon. Christian to Rev. Sau interviewer: We prefer the nomenclature harmonizing to which that a adult male is called an anonymous Christian who on the one manus has de facto accepted of his freedom this gracious self-offering on God s portion through religion, hope, and love, while on the other he is perfectly non yet a Christian at the societal degree ( through baptism and rank of the Church ) or in the sense of holding consciously objectified his Christian religion to himself in his ain head ( by explicit Christian religion ensuing from holding hearkened to the expressed message ) . We might hence, put it as follows: the anonymous Christian in our sense of the term is the heathen after the beginning of the Christian mission, who lives in the province of Christ s grace through religion, hope, and love, yet who has no expressed cognition of the fact that his life is orientated in grace-given redemption to Jesus Christ. A non-anonymous Christian for deficiency of a better term or a declared Christian is person who has accepted Christ and lives with the grace of God s grace, love, hope and apprehension. This individual declares himself a Christian, was baptized and lives by God s Torahs. Rahner bases his belief in the anon. Christian as person who lives a Christian life style but has non yet declared himself a true Christian. By declaring oneself a true Christian, harmonizing to Rahner, you must be baptized, attend mass and pray in the traditional standardised manner. This of class, includes life by God s Torahs and life in a Christ like mode. This individual declares themselves a Christian in every manner, the manner they talk, the manner they pray and their absolution from original wickedness. A good illustration of the declared Christian would be Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa acknowledged that she lived in the Grace of God and followed his words and instructions. She accepted Jesus as her manner to God. In believing that Jeus Christ is the lone manner to God would be to believe in an exclusivist mode. Harmonizing to Rahner there is more than one manner to make God. This would be the Inclusivist position. It accepts that Jesus is but merely one manner to God, but acknowledges that there are others. Rahner negotiations of the supernatural redemption for people who live in God s grace without the acknowledged rubric of Christian. The Inclusivist position is what has led to Karl Rahner s description of the anon. Christian. Harmonizing to Rahner it is non necessary to be a declared Christian to work your manner to God. In Pope John Paul II s visit to Mahatma Gandhi s grave The Pope put flower petals on the grave and said that followings of other faiths can be saved by Christ without being converted. This gave some popularity to Rahner s claim that any adult male who patterns a faith or acts harmonizing to natural jurisprudence and is blessed by God s grace is an anon. Christian, even if he does non wish to acknowledge it. Gandhi was a perfect illustration of this anon. Christian, although he did non name himself a Christian by name he lived in a Christ like mode, followed his faith dependably and exercised Christian attitudes to others, thereby populating in God s grace. There is a quotation mark in the Rahner Reader on Page 75 that best describes the consciousness utilized by Gandhi in being called an anon. Christian, The head of even the anon. Christian is raised to the supernatural order by the grace of Christ, doctrine is non strictly secular activity. The best of modern doctrine should be considered the self-reflection of a head to which God has revealed himself implicitly through his grace. This quotation mark described the grace given to Gandhi through his ego consciousness and through his idea procedure that leads to his Christian like beliefs. Although, once more, non being a declared Christian, Gandhi, would be considered an anon. Christian as his beliefs and life manner brought him into the grace of God. Of class, any individual can go an anon. Christian ; it is based on their beliefs and their manner of thought, and their supernatural redemption. If a adult male s ground is that which leads him closer to decorate so as per Rahner, The anon. Christian whether they know it or non, whether they distinguish it from the visible radiation of their natural ground or non are enlightened by the visible radiation of God s grace which God denies no adult male. Bing a Christian is non a requirement to having God s grace. Harmonizing to Rahner, God s grace is unfastened to all work forces. Presented in Rahner s Reader is a transition about researching new lands, Christ s message can still be heard. Although, the dwellers may non understand Christ or his word it does non intend that they are non populating in the grace of God. The Western World, during it s wonderings into unusual lands while transporting Christ s message, ever encounters a universe in which Christ s grace has long been at work even though non called by its ain name. ( Rahner 80 ) Basically what Rahner is stating here is that no affair where we travel we can happen anon. Christians. He believes that God s grace is at work in many lands, topographic points where the dwellers may non even have heard of Jesus Christ or of God Himself. Rahner has a really unfastened head, in the exclusivist position the lone manner to God is through Christ. Rahner is model of the inclusivist position. I agree with Rahner that to be close God does non needfully intend that we must merely accept Jesus Christ as our Lord and savior. There are many people that live a good life, are Christian like in all of their ways but they do non idolize Jesus the same as Christians. Many people in many lands are blessed by God s grace. Many of the people of Israel, although Jewish, still live a life that is graced by God. They pray, the exhibit Christian like atitudes, Judaic people can populate a righteous pious life and through sensible intelligence believe that they are righteous, and imagine God stating them that no affair how good of a life they lived they could non acquire into Eden or be awarded the gift of his grace. This is where Rahner s anon. Christian theory believes that although they are non considered Christians, they still can have God s grace and love. To sum up Karl Rahner s place of the anon. Christian, anyone can be an anon. Christian ; it merely takes the act of life as a Christian and non the expressed declaration of being a Christian. Grace exists by impacting a religious, personal substantialness, by being the divinizing status of the latter, and hence presupposes and incorporates into itself the whole world of this individual as the status of its ain possibility and makes it portion of the factors o tantrums ain concrete being ( Rahner 75 ) In other words grace exists by the actions of people and the actions are a portion that makes up the whole. Therefore, it is the actions of the people that decide if they are worthy of God s grace. The universe is full of anon. Christians. Some we may acknowledge by name such as Gandhi and others are the anon. faces we pass mundane on the street. But we are non able to pick them out except by their actions because even their worshipping or non idolizing wonts can non assist to pick out those worthy of God s grace.

Computerized Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computerized Management Systems - Essay Example Computer System evaluation In order to attain efficiency and excellence, hospitals may implement the ELECTRA System. This system is valuable in that it provides health institutions with the appropriate management tools. These tools include stimulation, analysis and modeling. Proper documentation is also attainable through the use of the ELECTRA system. These management tools are equally vital because they enable health care providers to offer quality services to patients and increase their level of productivity (ACGIL, 2010). Administrator plus Administrator Plus is used together with other technologies and assists in carrying out different duties in health care institutions. Administrator plus is particularly used by different specialists in promoting health care. These specialists are mainly the administrators and managers. The system can only run using Microsoft applications (Accurate Info Soft Pvt. Ltd., 2011). Discussion How computerized management systems could increase quality of care ELECTRA The utilization of the ELECTRA system is of great advantage to hospitals because it helps in the promotion of quality services offered to patients. In addition, hospitals that wish to operate at low costs while still ensuring efficiency should consider applying the ELECTRA system. This system provides different managerial advantages to a health care institution including telemedicine, enquiry management, pharmacy management and queue management. The ELECTRA system allows healthcare providers to serve many patients within a short period. ELECTRA helps in keeping patients’ data and booking appointments with staff members. Computer systems that improve the quality of work in health care institutions are those that can effectively serve many patients within a short period (ACGIL, 2010). Administrator Plus Administrator Plus promotes quality by streamlining the different operations carried out in hospitals. This is made possible through consultant management, pati ent management and OPD. Patient management is vital because it enables staff members to collect and retrieve data. This system is most effective in a hospital that serves hundreds of patients at any particular time. Administrator Plus is of considerable advantage to doctors because it helps to save time (Accurate Info Soft Pvt. Ltd., 2011). Getting nurses involved The application of ELECTRA and Administrator Plus cannot be successful unless nurses are involved. This is because nurses are expected to give a report on the inflow and outflow of patients in hospitals. It is therefore important to involve the nurses’ in the selection of the type of system that would be most appropriate in health care. Gordon and Cox noted that when nurses are involved in implementation of technology, managers learn about their attitude towards certain technology (ACGIL, 2010). In addition, the medical fraternity will be linked to different technological experts through the involvement of nurses in the implementation of technology. Involvement of nurses also helps in setting the priorities among staff members. This is a vital step in avoiding cryptic issues. It can therefore be noted that health care institutions should not only ask nurses to apply certain technologies to their operations but should also

As I visualize in five years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

As I visualize in five years - Essay Example Life as we know it today will be totally different by the time the year 2017 rolls around. To begin with, computer technology and usage will continue to become an even more important and time consuming part of our daily lives. With our internet connected appliances, we will rely on the computer to keep tabs on our daily needs by gently reminding us of whatever life sustaining needs we may be falling short of already. Our refrigerators will be able to instantly compile our grocery list and place that order for delivery or pick up from our local grocery store. Cellular phones will be totally merged with the tablet PC by then and no longer exist as the small hand held devices that we are currently familiar with. Social networking via social media websites will take over our social lives by the year 2017. This means that man will sadly, no longer have the ability, or have a totally diminished physical and mental ability to interact with one another on a personal basis. Man will be mental ly affected by the advent of social media networking as a way to meet and interact with people because he will have a total distrust of the people that he has the opportunity to meet face to face and have physical contact with. So most of the social and business interaction of that time will already be done via virtual office meetings using Skype and similar technology. As much as possible, people will not want others to know how they truly look because the avatars that they create to represent themselves will look better than the actual person. Thus nobody will know what the other people in their environment will look like anymore, nor will they care about what they can actually see, touch, and feel. Medical technology will be totally automated by that time as well. I envision the field of patient care to have machines and robots doing most of the jobs that human beings are currently undertaking in the hospital setting. This means that no human being will ever be seen on the floor. Instead, the human operators will be hidden in the back office of hospitals where their physical participation can be limited and the possibility of malpractice suits can be brought down to a minimum. The human touch, that has slowly been diminishing from the actual world at the moment due to overworked and underpaid health care workers at the moment will be a thing of the past for they shall no longer exist in the shape and form that we currently know them to have. Money in terms of physical dollars and cents will also cease to exist as we know it. With people opting for a cashless society that uses the scanning technology of their tablet PC to access virtual cash that can be used to pay for goods and services. People shall no longer working from real offices. Rather, telecommuting will be the way of the future and people shall all work from home where, future scientific studies about workman effectiveness will show, people can function much better in a professional setting due to the lack of stress and personal comfort that being able to work from anywhere provides for the worker. Religion in itself will probably be a dying institution by that time as science continues to uncover the facts that disprove the religious beliefs and traditions that are written in the bible and advocated by evangelists and preachers. As people turn more and more towards science to explain the life cycle of man, religion shall become irrelevant in the daily lives of

Developing an effective strategic human resources plan Research Paper

Developing an effective strategic human resources plan - Research Paper Example ng and guidance along with the consideration for future as to how much work force might be needed in future and in what capacity and what exact department within the respective organization. The report gives details as to the importance of human resource planning in the city. According to the report the overall structure has expanded in a very complex manner, with salaries, the work staff, number of unions in the community, and departments all in a very haphazard and complex manner, thereby each of them need an effective human resource planning strategy in order to enable them working in the due manner desired. With factors like considerable amount about to retire by 2005, strategy needs to be devised in order to create their replacement and fill up for the vacuum that would be created afterwards. The aim behind the entire idea is to create a model community in Canada through the usage of human resource functions. Technology and information system means are adopted for this purpose to facilitate the overall process of community improvement. The idea is to convert the above stated equation into a relationship that serves the needs of the community. The enables and stakeholders in this case are the top heads in form of Mayor, managers, councils, the citizens, the entire scheme of plan, human resources and most importantly

Challenges for Businesses in the Caribbean

Challenges for Businesses in the Caribbean   1.1 Introduction Change, according to the adage, is always constant. Embracing change can be a challenge to change agents. Many authors of change have maintained that change fails because of flawed methods, or in the case of John Kotter, the failure of management to realize that the process can and often do, take years to come to fruition. Professor Kotter (Kotter, 1996), proposed an eight-step model for ensuring change initiatives success. Many organizations, especially state-owned corporations, were born out of legacy bureaucratic systems and find that the workers have acquired knowledge and skill-set that surpasses that of the management who hold on to archaic methods. Such organizations are prime candidates for transformational interjection. 1.2 Purpose of the Study This study looks into the challenges that faces emerging businesses within the Caribbean area, with an aim to highlight issues that are critical for growth and transition. Focus is placed on complexity as a driver of change; as a vessel for accommodating interactive initiatives within systems and agents of change. The study will explore the ways in which researchers and academics have adopted various models and theoretical methodologies to catalyze change, some with limited success others with high success rate. The region has been able to adapt to changes throughout the years but modern change initiatives calls for unique, if not unorthodox methods to successfully execute such transitions. This research attempts to apply such novel ways to bring out the best in management of organizations. 1.3 Problem Statement For decades academics and researchers have wrestled with the problem of change and have even proposed theoretical models explaining their different methods. It has been ascertained that over 70% of all change initiative have failed, (Higgs Rowland, 2005), (Beer Nohria, 2000). Change hinges around behavioural patterns in people; people have to consciously desire change in order that it works. The past methods applied to organizations have proven to be inadequate, or very complex in nature. John Kotter in an article in the Harvard Business Review, made it clear that change is a large-scale process that takes time. This process goes through stages and any significant error in any stage can lead to the collapse of the entire change initiative (Kotter, 1995). An attempt at change management at the airports in Trinidad and Tobago entitled Institutional Strengthening Project failed after several years at change management. There is no single reason for the failure, but a series of complex interrelated processes and situations that lead to a total breakdown of the effort. I propose that using models that manage change from a multi-faceted approach that caters for complexity, will ultimately see positive transformational mechanism in the organisations. 1.4 Purpose of the Research This exploratory study will demonstrate the phenomenon that either foster a change climate or actively deter the process in dynamic organizations. A qualitative approach would be used. Many theorist including (Senge, 1990; Morgan, 1996) in systems theory, showed that the organizations tend towards maintaining homeostasis, but failed to show what dynamics occurs in continual change (Ford, 2008). Moreover, system theory (Von Bertalanffy, 1965) enabled the practictioner to view the organization in a more holistic manner: more like an organism, rather than a machine (Ford, 2008). In many developing states, the airport environment, which is highly dynamic has seen the phenomenon of rapid, constant changes and evolvement. The airports in Trinidad and Tobago were chosen and HyperResearch software was employed to manipulate the data. 1.5 Significance of the Study The research into the behaviour, culture, management style, of state organizations such as airports and port in Trinidad and Tobago specifically and by extention, the wider Caribbean area can be a launching pad for significant inroads into the understanding of dynamics that are emerging in organizations of these types. The research would lead the way in identifying the strengths or weaknesses of applied management styles, and the way that many management paradigms are applied to such dynamic organizations. The information obtained will be used for practitioners to understand the emergent phenomenon within the organization; the way to encourage rather than deter changes by agents of change. State administrators and management practitioners would be given the tools to deal with a changing environment. The organization can benefit from a lower turnover rate and higher output as employees find that their needs are now significantly addressed; both their hygenic and motivating wishes (Chowdhary Prakas, 2005). Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1 Why Change Management? The classical and scientific management theories and to a lesser extent, the systems theories sought to minimize the turbulence of changes. These changes were seen as movement away from homeostasis. What modern theorists advocate is the embracing of non-equilibrium forces within an open-style organization. According to (Ford, 2008), an open organization interacts with its environment, both internally and externally, and between and within groups. This study will focus on the new way of collecting, using, and disseminating information and processes within the organization to cope with, foresee, even cause changes that may propel such organization forward. Systems theorists came to realize that organizations were to be looked at more as organism, rather than machines. Systems, according to renowned academic (Von Bertalanffy, 1965), all shared common attributes irrespective of their kind, the nature of their components and the forces between them. All systems were seen to consist of an environment, components, interrelatedness, negative entropy, equifinality, homeostasis, has a central purpose and has synergy. Systems theory describes the organization as depicting the control systems mechanisms positive and negative feedback loops that maintain the system at some desired goal or a state of homeostasis (Ford, 2008). Ford noted that both systems theory and classic management maintained similar ontological stances when referring to turbulence and managing change. Both seek to maintain an equilibrium state. They seek to reduce or absorb the effect of the turbulence causing the disruption to the system. Kurt Lewins Three Phases Change Management Model, is a theory that attempts to give the fundamentals of linear change. Figure 1. shows Lewins 3-Step model of change. Lewin proposed that the change practitioner, firstly, unfreezes the current processes, mindset or beliefs that exist. This is usually by introducing a new concept, idea or challenge that allows people to see the need for change. Secondly, transitioning follows. This is the introduction of new actions, processes or way of doing things. There may be times when this is bombarded with confusion and caution as people may not have clear understanding of where to go or how to get things done a particular way. Finally, there is the process of refreezing. This process is the crystallization of the new processes as the accepted norm. This is a period where there is constant reiteration of the new system. This is crucial since people may revert to their old ways. Another method that is widely used is the ADKAR model. The method is different from the Kurt Lewin method only in its emphasis on the change at the individuals level. ADKAR posits that successful organizational change is only possible when everyone can transition successfully (Connelly, 2011). The model has a sequential five-step process as depicted in the figure 2 below. Many researchers believe that changes occur on two dimensions. The business and the people dimensions and changes to each dimension should occur simultaneously for success   (PROSCI Inc, 2013). Figure 2 shows this process. Change management, according to Fred Nickols (2010), brings to mind four definitions: the task of managing change; an area of professional practice; a body of knowledge and a control mechanism. Managing change can be further subdivided into a planned or systematic fashion. This is simply implementing planned change into an existing organization. Unplanned change is the response to environmental issues in which the organization has little or no control. As an area of professional practice, many change agents and consultants have set up shops with expertise that cater for changes within organizations. As a body of knowledge, there are models, tools, techniques, skill-sets, and applied practices that make up this area of management. According to Nickols, the subject matter for change management is drawn from a wide field of professions and studies: psychology, sociology, economics, business administration, industrial and system engineering, and human and organizational behaviours. As a control mechanism, many organizations keep tabs on the alterations specially in the systems used. These version controls as seen to be part of the change management systems at many workplace. 2.2 The Pitfalls for Change Management Randal Ford(2008) posits that an organization that has learned how to manage continuous change because continuous change is part of its goal and necessary to its survival would prove invaluable in providing robust empirical data as a living heuristic. The fact is, there exist no solid data to support the fact that there will be success if change management is modelled on the complex adaptive systems approach. In looking at companies that have profitably survived over the years it is evident that they used some systems approach as they continually remolded their future as the years progressed. The Coca Cola company, for example, showed its resilience as it headed the field for many years and changed to accommodate the changing environment. Google has been relatively new but has applied the model of adapting changes. Change do not come easy. People resist change for a variety of reasons: by quitting, overt and covert hostility, passive compliance, strikes, and even giving reasons for the resistance. Paul Lawrence of the Harvard Business Review (Lawrence, 1969), contends that most people do not resist technical changes but do so for social changes. Professor Rosabelle Moss-Kanter (Moss-Kanter, 2012) of the Harvards Business School, in her blog suggest that change should not come as a surprise but should be introduced tactically by change agents. She stated that people prefer to be mired in misery than to head towards an unknown. Change can make people feel that they have lost control over their territory. Because of the ripple effects of change the agents must reach out to all stakeholders in an effort to lessen this ripple effect. Dr. Moss Kanter contended that it is better for management to be honest, fair, transparent, and fast in any change initiative. 3.1 Introduction Primary and secondary research were applied in achieving the objectives of this dissertation. Due to the nature of the data to be collected and analysed it was expedient to use a qualitative approach. 3.2 Primary Research Questionnaires were used with standardize closed questions. Direct interviews were conducted as well as the use of focus groups focus groups where open ended questions were used.

Macromedia Director :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Macromedia Director Overview and Introduction What Macromedia is and what can it do for a business. Macromedia Director is the premiere authoring software in the multimedia industry, allowing users to merge and orchestrate text, graphics, animation, video, sound effects, and music into business presentations, entertainment and education CD-ROMs, interactive information kiosks, and other full-featured interactive software. Multimedia-rich programs can be developed with little programming skill. (http://enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html) It supports different types file formats and you can combine images (BMP and PIC), sound (WAV), animation (GIF), text (RTF), and video content (FLC and FLI) into a single file and then export it in a variety of file types, including AVI and Shockwave. (http://enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html) Macromedia Director features a high-quality playback engine; visual effects, such as alpha channels, rotation, and skewing; support for vector illustrations; a scriptable programming language entitled Lingo; and much more. (http://enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html) Macromedia Director 6.5 lets you produce business presentations that sparkle with flavour, without giving you a scripting headache when you make them. Its goal is still to help novices quickly create multimedia animations, while letting advanced users produce eye-popping designs. At the heart of Director 6.5 is its Stage interface; you create interactive designs by dragging Cast Members--such as images and sounds--onto Scores, or series of frames in an animation. But Director 6.5 brings much more power to this virtual set. It's loaded with handy tools, and it works with all your favourite programs. To jazz up a PowerPoint file, simply import your slides into Director, and they're placed on a Score. Here, they're ready for sound, animation, and anything you want to add. (Jeff Walsh, 1998 v20 n20 p37(1) InfoWorld) Director 6.5 offers full Flash support, which makes it easy import and manipulate vector animations. There's also enhanced Windows support for QuickTime 3.0, allowing snappy digital video. What type of visual media will it let user incorporate? Macromedia Director allows many different types of visual media to be incorporated. I will explore four types of media and its capabilities and limitations Director provides.(Andre Persidsky 97 – Director 6.5) The four types are: Text Animation Bitmaps and Vector grathics Text Director supports three different types of text that you can incorporate in your movies. These are bitmapped text, Rich text and field. Each type has it advantages. A summary has been given below. Rich text (or otherwise known as simple text) is created using Directors text window, or with the text tool found on in the Tool palette. Of the three types, Rich text has the most extensive formatting controls.