Bilingual Education Research Paper Example

Bilingual Education Research Paper Example Bilingual Education Paper Bilingual Education Paper Despite having many researches proving that bilingual children provide greater than (or at least at the same level as) the monolingual children, there is constant debate whether to provide bilingual children with bilingual education or programs that focus uniquely on acquiring English. Bilingual education is the teaching of all subjects in school using two different languages - English and Spanish or Chinese depending which is the native language of the student. Definition According to Ovando, Combs and Collier (2006) bilingual education is not a single uniform program or a consistent methodology for teaching language minority students. Bilingual education includes a number of different program models with a number of distinct goals. Other programs may promote the development of two languages for bilingualism and biliteracy while others use the students’ first language so that students may better learn English. Some bilingual education programs preserve an indigenous or heritage language as an ethnic, cultural, or community resource. There are programs that aim to incorporate students into the mainstream of society (Baker 2001). Thus, as Cazden and Snow (1990) stress, bilingual education is â€Å"a simple label for a complex phenomenon† since not all programs necessarily â€Å"concern the balanced use of two languages in the classroom† (Baker, 2001). (Throughout this paper, the terms L1 and L2 to denote the child’s language, L1 for their native language and L2 for the language they are acquiring. ) The inseparable connection between language and culture brings bilingual programs to include historical and cultural components associated with the languages being used. As Ulibarri (1972) says: In the beginning was the Word. And the Word was made flesh. It was so in the beginning and it is so today. The language, the Word, carries within it the history, the culture, the traditions, the very life of a people, the flesh. Language is people. We cannot conceive of a people without a language, or a language without a people. The two are one and the same. To know one is to know the other (p. 295). Historical Background Discussing the historical background of bilingual education in the United States indicates that there is a cyclical pattern with regard to language policies and programs (Korschun, 2006). Furthermore, studying the origins of bilingual education helps to understand its present undertakings and its future effectiveness. There are few references that account the history of bilingual education. In this paper, I rely predominantly on Ovando et al’s account of the history of bilingual education. The 1800s. Contrary to the common perception in the United States, schools in the United States use for instruction multiple languages other than English during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Because of the increasing establishments of homesteads of different groups of different languages and countries of origin in US territories, a general sense of geographical and psychological openness existed. Some communities were self-sufficient and agrarian based while some were ethnic pockets in urban areas (Ovando, 1978b). According to historical records, many schools in the nineteenth century, both public and private, used languages other than English for instruction. In fact, during this century, following the annexation of the Territory of New Mexico, a school’s curriculum may use either Spanish or English or even both as medium for instruction (Leibowitz, 1971). In 1900, at least 600,000 children in US received part or all of their schooling in German in public and parochial schools (Crawford, 2004; Ovando Wiley, 2003; Kloss, 1977; Tyack, 1974). Many other states passed laws providing for schooling in languages other than English (Crawford, 1992, 2004). Some public schools provided bilingual or non-English-language instruction during the second half of the nineteenth century. The 1900s. Between 1900 and 1910, over 8 million immigrants were admitted to the United States majority of which came from Europe (Stewart, 1993). Because of this, the struggle for power to control institutions became imminent. One solution to this power struggle focused on schools. This solution came in the form of â€Å"Americanizing† all immigrants. By 1919, 15 state laws had been passed calling for English Only instruction (Higham, 1992). During the first half of the twentieth century, many schools already implemented the English dominant instruction which was impelled by many factors such as the standardization and bureaucratization of urban schools (Tyack, 1974), the need for national unity during the two world wars, and the desire to centralize and solidify national gains around unified goals for the country (Gonzalez, 1975). In fact, from World War I to the 1960s, language-minority students were severely punished whenever they used a language other than English in the classroom, or even on the playground. This policy continued until the 1950s resulting to an enormous loss of many indigenous languages (Crawford, 2004; Ovando Wiley, 2003). The consequence of this action is still visible today. The ambivalence of language-minority parents toward bilingual education reflects fears that their children will be punished for using a language other than English (Arias Cassanova, 1993). The early 1920s saw yet another restrictive immigration laws. These immigration laws, passed by the US congress, created a national-origins quota system. These extremely restrictive laws discriminated against eastern and southern Europeans and even excluded Asians. This resulted to fewer numbers of new immigrants while second-generation immigrants dropped the use of their native languages. Moreover, bilingual education disappeared for nearly have a century in US public schools (Crawford, 1992a).

The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Essays

The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Essays The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Paper The Anonymous Christian As Described By Karl Rahner Religion Essay Paper I would wish to first start by giving a short life of Karl Rahner as described by the Karl Rahner Society. He was born in Freiburg, Germany, on March 5, 1904 and died in Innsbruck, Austria, on March 30, 1984. He entered the Jesuit order in 1922 and he was one of the most influential theologists in the Vatican II epoch. His essays covered a wide scope of subjects ; most of these issues were what concerned the Catholics from the 1940 s to the 1980 s. His essays provided many resources for both academic and pastoral divinity. He was rather popular in his native German-speaking states through his instruction, lectures, editorial labours and rank in erudite societies. He was published in international publications like Concilium. He had a big aggregation of plants 1651 publications ( 4744 including reissues and interlingual renditions ) ; He besides enjoyed a positive response of his parts by many Protestant minds. Rahner s influence became more apparent after his service as an official apostolic theological expert from1960 to 1965 before and during the Second Vatican Council. To understand how Rahner arrives at his construct of the anon. Christian, it is of import to understand the footing of thoughts of Rahner. He was greatly influenced by Immanuel Kant, Heidegger, and the Belgian Jesuit Joseph Marechal. The footing of Rahner s ideas comes from a vision of the universe being a profound country of God s self-communication. Rahner s first two books were Spirit in the World and Hearer of the Word. Rahner s place, as written in his essays, was profoundly rooted in the Ignation manner of thought, believing that God is in all things, sacramental piousness, and devotedness to Jesus and the Catholic philosophy. Rahner addresses the anon. Christian in an interview provided to Rev. Norman Wong Cheong Sau in an article titled Karl Rahner s Concepts of the Anonymous Christian an Inclusivist View of Religions, he provided his personal definition of anon. Christian to Rev. Sau interviewer: We prefer the nomenclature harmonizing to which that a adult male is called an anonymous Christian who on the one manus has de facto accepted of his freedom this gracious self-offering on God s portion through religion, hope, and love, while on the other he is perfectly non yet a Christian at the societal degree ( through baptism and rank of the Church ) or in the sense of holding consciously objectified his Christian religion to himself in his ain head ( by explicit Christian religion ensuing from holding hearkened to the expressed message ) . We might hence, put it as follows: the anonymous Christian in our sense of the term is the heathen after the beginning of the Christian mission, who lives in the province of Christ s grace through religion, hope, and love, yet who has no expressed cognition of the fact that his life is orientated in grace-given redemption to Jesus Christ. A non-anonymous Christian for deficiency of a better term or a declared Christian is person who has accepted Christ and lives with the grace of God s grace, love, hope and apprehension. This individual declares himself a Christian, was baptized and lives by God s Torahs. Rahner bases his belief in the anon. Christian as person who lives a Christian life style but has non yet declared himself a true Christian. By declaring oneself a true Christian, harmonizing to Rahner, you must be baptized, attend mass and pray in the traditional standardised manner. This of class, includes life by God s Torahs and life in a Christ like mode. This individual declares themselves a Christian in every manner, the manner they talk, the manner they pray and their absolution from original wickedness. A good illustration of the declared Christian would be Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa acknowledged that she lived in the Grace of God and followed his words and instructions. She accepted Jesus as her manner to God. In believing that Jeus Christ is the lone manner to God would be to believe in an exclusivist mode. Harmonizing to Rahner there is more than one manner to make God. This would be the Inclusivist position. It accepts that Jesus is but merely one manner to God, but acknowledges that there are others. Rahner negotiations of the supernatural redemption for people who live in God s grace without the acknowledged rubric of Christian. The Inclusivist position is what has led to Karl Rahner s description of the anon. Christian. Harmonizing to Rahner it is non necessary to be a declared Christian to work your manner to God. In Pope John Paul II s visit to Mahatma Gandhi s grave The Pope put flower petals on the grave and said that followings of other faiths can be saved by Christ without being converted. This gave some popularity to Rahner s claim that any adult male who patterns a faith or acts harmonizing to natural jurisprudence and is blessed by God s grace is an anon. Christian, even if he does non wish to acknowledge it. Gandhi was a perfect illustration of this anon. Christian, although he did non name himself a Christian by name he lived in a Christ like mode, followed his faith dependably and exercised Christian attitudes to others, thereby populating in God s grace. There is a quotation mark in the Rahner Reader on Page 75 that best describes the consciousness utilized by Gandhi in being called an anon. Christian, The head of even the anon. Christian is raised to the supernatural order by the grace of Christ, doctrine is non strictly secular activity. The best of modern doctrine should be considered the self-reflection of a head to which God has revealed himself implicitly through his grace. This quotation mark described the grace given to Gandhi through his ego consciousness and through his idea procedure that leads to his Christian like beliefs. Although, once more, non being a declared Christian, Gandhi, would be considered an anon. Christian as his beliefs and life manner brought him into the grace of God. Of class, any individual can go an anon. Christian ; it is based on their beliefs and their manner of thought, and their supernatural redemption. If a adult male s ground is that which leads him closer to decorate so as per Rahner, The anon. Christian whether they know it or non, whether they distinguish it from the visible radiation of their natural ground or non are enlightened by the visible radiation of God s grace which God denies no adult male. Bing a Christian is non a requirement to having God s grace. Harmonizing to Rahner, God s grace is unfastened to all work forces. Presented in Rahner s Reader is a transition about researching new lands, Christ s message can still be heard. Although, the dwellers may non understand Christ or his word it does non intend that they are non populating in the grace of God. The Western World, during it s wonderings into unusual lands while transporting Christ s message, ever encounters a universe in which Christ s grace has long been at work even though non called by its ain name. ( Rahner 80 ) Basically what Rahner is stating here is that no affair where we travel we can happen anon. Christians. He believes that God s grace is at work in many lands, topographic points where the dwellers may non even have heard of Jesus Christ or of God Himself. Rahner has a really unfastened head, in the exclusivist position the lone manner to God is through Christ. Rahner is model of the inclusivist position. I agree with Rahner that to be close God does non needfully intend that we must merely accept Jesus Christ as our Lord and savior. There are many people that live a good life, are Christian like in all of their ways but they do non idolize Jesus the same as Christians. Many people in many lands are blessed by God s grace. Many of the people of Israel, although Jewish, still live a life that is graced by God. They pray, the exhibit Christian like atitudes, Judaic people can populate a righteous pious life and through sensible intelligence believe that they are righteous, and imagine God stating them that no affair how good of a life they lived they could non acquire into Eden or be awarded the gift of his grace. This is where Rahner s anon. Christian theory believes that although they are non considered Christians, they still can have God s grace and love. To sum up Karl Rahner s place of the anon. Christian, anyone can be an anon. Christian ; it merely takes the act of life as a Christian and non the expressed declaration of being a Christian. Grace exists by impacting a religious, personal substantialness, by being the divinizing status of the latter, and hence presupposes and incorporates into itself the whole world of this individual as the status of its ain possibility and makes it portion of the factors o tantrums ain concrete being ( Rahner 75 ) In other words grace exists by the actions of people and the actions are a portion that makes up the whole. Therefore, it is the actions of the people that decide if they are worthy of God s grace. The universe is full of anon. Christians. Some we may acknowledge by name such as Gandhi and others are the anon. faces we pass mundane on the street. But we are non able to pick them out except by their actions because even their worshipping or non idolizing wonts can non assist to pick out those worthy of God s grace.

Computerized Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computerized Management Systems - Essay Example Computer System evaluation In order to attain efficiency and excellence, hospitals may implement the ELECTRA System. This system is valuable in that it provides health institutions with the appropriate management tools. These tools include stimulation, analysis and modeling. Proper documentation is also attainable through the use of the ELECTRA system. These management tools are equally vital because they enable health care providers to offer quality services to patients and increase their level of productivity (ACGIL, 2010). Administrator plus Administrator Plus is used together with other technologies and assists in carrying out different duties in health care institutions. Administrator plus is particularly used by different specialists in promoting health care. These specialists are mainly the administrators and managers. The system can only run using Microsoft applications (Accurate Info Soft Pvt. Ltd., 2011). Discussion How computerized management systems could increase quality of care ELECTRA The utilization of the ELECTRA system is of great advantage to hospitals because it helps in the promotion of quality services offered to patients. In addition, hospitals that wish to operate at low costs while still ensuring efficiency should consider applying the ELECTRA system. This system provides different managerial advantages to a health care institution including telemedicine, enquiry management, pharmacy management and queue management. The ELECTRA system allows healthcare providers to serve many patients within a short period. ELECTRA helps in keeping patients’ data and booking appointments with staff members. Computer systems that improve the quality of work in health care institutions are those that can effectively serve many patients within a short period (ACGIL, 2010). Administrator Plus Administrator Plus promotes quality by streamlining the different operations carried out in hospitals. This is made possible through consultant management, pati ent management and OPD. Patient management is vital because it enables staff members to collect and retrieve data. This system is most effective in a hospital that serves hundreds of patients at any particular time. Administrator Plus is of considerable advantage to doctors because it helps to save time (Accurate Info Soft Pvt. Ltd., 2011). Getting nurses involved The application of ELECTRA and Administrator Plus cannot be successful unless nurses are involved. This is because nurses are expected to give a report on the inflow and outflow of patients in hospitals. It is therefore important to involve the nurses’ in the selection of the type of system that would be most appropriate in health care. Gordon and Cox noted that when nurses are involved in implementation of technology, managers learn about their attitude towards certain technology (ACGIL, 2010). In addition, the medical fraternity will be linked to different technological experts through the involvement of nurses in the implementation of technology. Involvement of nurses also helps in setting the priorities among staff members. This is a vital step in avoiding cryptic issues. It can therefore be noted that health care institutions should not only ask nurses to apply certain technologies to their operations but should also

As I visualize in five years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

As I visualize in five years - Essay Example Life as we know it today will be totally different by the time the year 2017 rolls around. To begin with, computer technology and usage will continue to become an even more important and time consuming part of our daily lives. With our internet connected appliances, we will rely on the computer to keep tabs on our daily needs by gently reminding us of whatever life sustaining needs we may be falling short of already. Our refrigerators will be able to instantly compile our grocery list and place that order for delivery or pick up from our local grocery store. Cellular phones will be totally merged with the tablet PC by then and no longer exist as the small hand held devices that we are currently familiar with. Social networking via social media websites will take over our social lives by the year 2017. This means that man will sadly, no longer have the ability, or have a totally diminished physical and mental ability to interact with one another on a personal basis. Man will be mental ly affected by the advent of social media networking as a way to meet and interact with people because he will have a total distrust of the people that he has the opportunity to meet face to face and have physical contact with. So most of the social and business interaction of that time will already be done via virtual office meetings using Skype and similar technology. As much as possible, people will not want others to know how they truly look because the avatars that they create to represent themselves will look better than the actual person. Thus nobody will know what the other people in their environment will look like anymore, nor will they care about what they can actually see, touch, and feel. Medical technology will be totally automated by that time as well. I envision the field of patient care to have machines and robots doing most of the jobs that human beings are currently undertaking in the hospital setting. This means that no human being will ever be seen on the floor. Instead, the human operators will be hidden in the back office of hospitals where their physical participation can be limited and the possibility of malpractice suits can be brought down to a minimum. The human touch, that has slowly been diminishing from the actual world at the moment due to overworked and underpaid health care workers at the moment will be a thing of the past for they shall no longer exist in the shape and form that we currently know them to have. Money in terms of physical dollars and cents will also cease to exist as we know it. With people opting for a cashless society that uses the scanning technology of their tablet PC to access virtual cash that can be used to pay for goods and services. People shall no longer working from real offices. Rather, telecommuting will be the way of the future and people shall all work from home where, future scientific studies about workman effectiveness will show, people can function much better in a professional setting due to the lack of stress and personal comfort that being able to work from anywhere provides for the worker. Religion in itself will probably be a dying institution by that time as science continues to uncover the facts that disprove the religious beliefs and traditions that are written in the bible and advocated by evangelists and preachers. As people turn more and more towards science to explain the life cycle of man, religion shall become irrelevant in the daily lives of

Developing an effective strategic human resources plan Research Paper

Developing an effective strategic human resources plan - Research Paper Example ng and guidance along with the consideration for future as to how much work force might be needed in future and in what capacity and what exact department within the respective organization. The report gives details as to the importance of human resource planning in the city. According to the report the overall structure has expanded in a very complex manner, with salaries, the work staff, number of unions in the community, and departments all in a very haphazard and complex manner, thereby each of them need an effective human resource planning strategy in order to enable them working in the due manner desired. With factors like considerable amount about to retire by 2005, strategy needs to be devised in order to create their replacement and fill up for the vacuum that would be created afterwards. The aim behind the entire idea is to create a model community in Canada through the usage of human resource functions. Technology and information system means are adopted for this purpose to facilitate the overall process of community improvement. The idea is to convert the above stated equation into a relationship that serves the needs of the community. The enables and stakeholders in this case are the top heads in form of Mayor, managers, councils, the citizens, the entire scheme of plan, human resources and most importantly

Challenges for Businesses in the Caribbean

Challenges for Businesses in the Caribbean   1.1 Introduction Change, according to the adage, is always constant. Embracing change can be a challenge to change agents. Many authors of change have maintained that change fails because of flawed methods, or in the case of John Kotter, the failure of management to realize that the process can and often do, take years to come to fruition. Professor Kotter (Kotter, 1996), proposed an eight-step model for ensuring change initiatives success. Many organizations, especially state-owned corporations, were born out of legacy bureaucratic systems and find that the workers have acquired knowledge and skill-set that surpasses that of the management who hold on to archaic methods. Such organizations are prime candidates for transformational interjection. 1.2 Purpose of the Study This study looks into the challenges that faces emerging businesses within the Caribbean area, with an aim to highlight issues that are critical for growth and transition. Focus is placed on complexity as a driver of change; as a vessel for accommodating interactive initiatives within systems and agents of change. The study will explore the ways in which researchers and academics have adopted various models and theoretical methodologies to catalyze change, some with limited success others with high success rate. The region has been able to adapt to changes throughout the years but modern change initiatives calls for unique, if not unorthodox methods to successfully execute such transitions. This research attempts to apply such novel ways to bring out the best in management of organizations. 1.3 Problem Statement For decades academics and researchers have wrestled with the problem of change and have even proposed theoretical models explaining their different methods. It has been ascertained that over 70% of all change initiative have failed, (Higgs Rowland, 2005), (Beer Nohria, 2000). Change hinges around behavioural patterns in people; people have to consciously desire change in order that it works. The past methods applied to organizations have proven to be inadequate, or very complex in nature. John Kotter in an article in the Harvard Business Review, made it clear that change is a large-scale process that takes time. This process goes through stages and any significant error in any stage can lead to the collapse of the entire change initiative (Kotter, 1995). An attempt at change management at the airports in Trinidad and Tobago entitled Institutional Strengthening Project failed after several years at change management. There is no single reason for the failure, but a series of complex interrelated processes and situations that lead to a total breakdown of the effort. I propose that using models that manage change from a multi-faceted approach that caters for complexity, will ultimately see positive transformational mechanism in the organisations. 1.4 Purpose of the Research This exploratory study will demonstrate the phenomenon that either foster a change climate or actively deter the process in dynamic organizations. A qualitative approach would be used. Many theorist including (Senge, 1990; Morgan, 1996) in systems theory, showed that the organizations tend towards maintaining homeostasis, but failed to show what dynamics occurs in continual change (Ford, 2008). Moreover, system theory (Von Bertalanffy, 1965) enabled the practictioner to view the organization in a more holistic manner: more like an organism, rather than a machine (Ford, 2008). In many developing states, the airport environment, which is highly dynamic has seen the phenomenon of rapid, constant changes and evolvement. The airports in Trinidad and Tobago were chosen and HyperResearch software was employed to manipulate the data. 1.5 Significance of the Study The research into the behaviour, culture, management style, of state organizations such as airports and port in Trinidad and Tobago specifically and by extention, the wider Caribbean area can be a launching pad for significant inroads into the understanding of dynamics that are emerging in organizations of these types. The research would lead the way in identifying the strengths or weaknesses of applied management styles, and the way that many management paradigms are applied to such dynamic organizations. The information obtained will be used for practitioners to understand the emergent phenomenon within the organization; the way to encourage rather than deter changes by agents of change. State administrators and management practitioners would be given the tools to deal with a changing environment. The organization can benefit from a lower turnover rate and higher output as employees find that their needs are now significantly addressed; both their hygenic and motivating wishes (Chowdhary Prakas, 2005). Chapter 2: Literature review 2.1 Why Change Management? The classical and scientific management theories and to a lesser extent, the systems theories sought to minimize the turbulence of changes. These changes were seen as movement away from homeostasis. What modern theorists advocate is the embracing of non-equilibrium forces within an open-style organization. According to (Ford, 2008), an open organization interacts with its environment, both internally and externally, and between and within groups. This study will focus on the new way of collecting, using, and disseminating information and processes within the organization to cope with, foresee, even cause changes that may propel such organization forward. Systems theorists came to realize that organizations were to be looked at more as organism, rather than machines. Systems, according to renowned academic (Von Bertalanffy, 1965), all shared common attributes irrespective of their kind, the nature of their components and the forces between them. All systems were seen to consist of an environment, components, interrelatedness, negative entropy, equifinality, homeostasis, has a central purpose and has synergy. Systems theory describes the organization as depicting the control systems mechanisms positive and negative feedback loops that maintain the system at some desired goal or a state of homeostasis (Ford, 2008). Ford noted that both systems theory and classic management maintained similar ontological stances when referring to turbulence and managing change. Both seek to maintain an equilibrium state. They seek to reduce or absorb the effect of the turbulence causing the disruption to the system. Kurt Lewins Three Phases Change Management Model, is a theory that attempts to give the fundamentals of linear change. Figure 1. shows Lewins 3-Step model of change. Lewin proposed that the change practitioner, firstly, unfreezes the current processes, mindset or beliefs that exist. This is usually by introducing a new concept, idea or challenge that allows people to see the need for change. Secondly, transitioning follows. This is the introduction of new actions, processes or way of doing things. There may be times when this is bombarded with confusion and caution as people may not have clear understanding of where to go or how to get things done a particular way. Finally, there is the process of refreezing. This process is the crystallization of the new processes as the accepted norm. This is a period where there is constant reiteration of the new system. This is crucial since people may revert to their old ways. Another method that is widely used is the ADKAR model. The method is different from the Kurt Lewin method only in its emphasis on the change at the individuals level. ADKAR posits that successful organizational change is only possible when everyone can transition successfully (Connelly, 2011). The model has a sequential five-step process as depicted in the figure 2 below. Many researchers believe that changes occur on two dimensions. The business and the people dimensions and changes to each dimension should occur simultaneously for success   (PROSCI Inc, 2013). Figure 2 shows this process. Change management, according to Fred Nickols (2010), brings to mind four definitions: the task of managing change; an area of professional practice; a body of knowledge and a control mechanism. Managing change can be further subdivided into a planned or systematic fashion. This is simply implementing planned change into an existing organization. Unplanned change is the response to environmental issues in which the organization has little or no control. As an area of professional practice, many change agents and consultants have set up shops with expertise that cater for changes within organizations. As a body of knowledge, there are models, tools, techniques, skill-sets, and applied practices that make up this area of management. According to Nickols, the subject matter for change management is drawn from a wide field of professions and studies: psychology, sociology, economics, business administration, industrial and system engineering, and human and organizational behaviours. As a control mechanism, many organizations keep tabs on the alterations specially in the systems used. These version controls as seen to be part of the change management systems at many workplace. 2.2 The Pitfalls for Change Management Randal Ford(2008) posits that an organization that has learned how to manage continuous change because continuous change is part of its goal and necessary to its survival would prove invaluable in providing robust empirical data as a living heuristic. The fact is, there exist no solid data to support the fact that there will be success if change management is modelled on the complex adaptive systems approach. In looking at companies that have profitably survived over the years it is evident that they used some systems approach as they continually remolded their future as the years progressed. The Coca Cola company, for example, showed its resilience as it headed the field for many years and changed to accommodate the changing environment. Google has been relatively new but has applied the model of adapting changes. Change do not come easy. People resist change for a variety of reasons: by quitting, overt and covert hostility, passive compliance, strikes, and even giving reasons for the resistance. Paul Lawrence of the Harvard Business Review (Lawrence, 1969), contends that most people do not resist technical changes but do so for social changes. Professor Rosabelle Moss-Kanter (Moss-Kanter, 2012) of the Harvards Business School, in her blog suggest that change should not come as a surprise but should be introduced tactically by change agents. She stated that people prefer to be mired in misery than to head towards an unknown. Change can make people feel that they have lost control over their territory. Because of the ripple effects of change the agents must reach out to all stakeholders in an effort to lessen this ripple effect. Dr. Moss Kanter contended that it is better for management to be honest, fair, transparent, and fast in any change initiative. 3.1 Introduction Primary and secondary research were applied in achieving the objectives of this dissertation. Due to the nature of the data to be collected and analysed it was expedient to use a qualitative approach. 3.2 Primary Research Questionnaires were used with standardize closed questions. Direct interviews were conducted as well as the use of focus groups focus groups where open ended questions were used.

Macromedia Director :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Macromedia Director Overview and Introduction What Macromedia is and what can it do for a business. Macromedia Director is the premiere authoring software in the multimedia industry, allowing users to merge and orchestrate text, graphics, animation, video, sound effects, and music into business presentations, entertainment and education CD-ROMs, interactive information kiosks, and other full-featured interactive software. Multimedia-rich programs can be developed with little programming skill. (http://enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html) It supports different types file formats and you can combine images (BMP and PIC), sound (WAV), animation (GIF), text (RTF), and video content (FLC and FLI) into a single file and then export it in a variety of file types, including AVI and Shockwave. (http://enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html) Macromedia Director features a high-quality playback engine; visual effects, such as alpha channels, rotation, and skewing; support for vector illustrations; a scriptable programming language entitled Lingo; and much more. (http://enternet.softseek.com/Review_28506_index.html) Macromedia Director 6.5 lets you produce business presentations that sparkle with flavour, without giving you a scripting headache when you make them. Its goal is still to help novices quickly create multimedia animations, while letting advanced users produce eye-popping designs. At the heart of Director 6.5 is its Stage interface; you create interactive designs by dragging Cast Members--such as images and sounds--onto Scores, or series of frames in an animation. But Director 6.5 brings much more power to this virtual set. It's loaded with handy tools, and it works with all your favourite programs. To jazz up a PowerPoint file, simply import your slides into Director, and they're placed on a Score. Here, they're ready for sound, animation, and anything you want to add. (Jeff Walsh, 1998 v20 n20 p37(1) InfoWorld) Director 6.5 offers full Flash support, which makes it easy import and manipulate vector animations. There's also enhanced Windows support for QuickTime 3.0, allowing snappy digital video. What type of visual media will it let user incorporate? Macromedia Director allows many different types of visual media to be incorporated. I will explore four types of media and its capabilities and limitations Director provides.(Andre Persidsky 97 – Director 6.5) The four types are: Text Animation Bitmaps and Vector grathics Text Director supports three different types of text that you can incorporate in your movies. These are bitmapped text, Rich text and field. Each type has it advantages. A summary has been given below. Rich text (or otherwise known as simple text) is created using Directors text window, or with the text tool found on in the Tool palette. Of the three types, Rich text has the most extensive formatting controls.