What Is an Interior Solution

An interior solution is a choice made by an agent that can be characterized as an optimum located at a tangency of two curves on a graph. A classic example of an interio solution is the tangency between a consumers budget line (characterizing the maximum amounts of good X and good Y that the consumer can afford) and the highest possible indifference curve. The slope of that tangency is where: (marginal utility of X)/(price of X) (marginal utility of Y)/(price of Y) Contrast interior solution with corner solution. (Econterms) Terms related to Interior Solution: Corner solution About.Com Resources on Interior Solution:None Writing a Term Paper? Here are a few starting points for research on Interior Solution: Books on Interior Solution:None Journal Articles on Interior Solution:None Return to Main Page

Non Profit Organizations That Help Those With Disabilities

Disabled people often deal with many challenges every day. Tasks that normal people do daily are very delicate and difficult for disabled people. People with disabilities are treated differently than those who do not have a disability. A disability is a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, senses, or activities. Learning about people living with a disability can help overcome misinformation and misunderstanding. There are about seven billion people in the world. Approximately fifteen percent of the world’s population lives with some form of disability. There are two types of disabilities - impairment and handicaps. While a disability is a life-changing challenges experience, most people find impressive and innovative ways to cope in their lives. There are many non-profit organizations that help those with disabilities. The Arc is selected as number one on top non-profit working for people with disabilities for more than sixty years and is the largest national community-based organization. They serve people with intellectual and developmental disabilities, helping to support people with disabilities. Parents who have children with disabilities talk with a group of parents to discuss the problems of disabilities. Parents and The Arc want the children with disabilities have a fulfilling life, and not have a difficult time growing up. The Arc helps make changes for those people diagnosed with other ranges of disabilities. The ArcShow MoreRelatedCultural Change Initiative - Timely, A Non Profit Organization1430 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Change Initiative – Timely, a Non-Profit Organization The organization I would like to lead in a cultural change is a non-profit I have been a volunteer at for over a year. In order to respect the privacy of this non-profit, I will refer to them by the name of Timely. In my time spent at Timely, I have noticed lack of diversity in the board members, employees, and volunteers. The non-profit works towards helping those from a diverse background and demographic. Therefore, I have thoughtRead MoreCultural Change Initiative : Timely, A Non Profit Organization1517 Words   |  7 PagesState College Cultural Change Initiative – Timely, a Non-Profit Organization The organization I would like to lead in a cultural change is a non-profit I have been a volunteer at for over a year. In order to respect the privacy of this non-profit, I will refer to them by the name of Timely. In my time spent at Timely, I have noticed lack of diversity in the board members, employees, and volunteers. The non-profit works towards helping those from a diverse background and demographic. Therefore,Read MoreChanging A Little At A Time1306 Words   |  6 Pagesgoal, to make a difference, no matter how much money I have. I have decided that in my own community I can make a difference with those in poverty, disabilities, and other issues that may arise. Growing up I had big dreams about making a difference. It was something that I felt really strongly about. I had dreams to go live in a foreign county to give service and help their community. I had dreams to go to Zambia, Africa where a family friend established a school. I wanted to go teach at the schoolRead MoreComparative Studies1237 Words   |  5 PagesComparative Studies Dominique Comparative Studies There are many forms of health care organizations, they are grouped by their financial structures, and sources of funding. The three types that exist in the United States are for-profit, non-profit, and government funded organizations. The financial resources and how profit is appropriated are different amongst all three types of organizations. Government Funded The most well-known government funded health care system is the Department ofRead MoreCommunity Service: Specific Programs for Specific Needs1045 Words   |  5 PagesService organizations have always played a vital role in society. For decades, those in need have always been able to find assistance with basic needs at a local church or shelter. As society has evolved, so has the availability and types of assistance that can be found. There are now various charitable organizations offering a wide range of specialized services to those in need. Owasso Community Resources and Goodwill Industries of Tulsa are two such organizations. Both are registered non-profitsRead MoreA Health Care Delivery System905 Words   |  4 Pages Able 2 is a non-profit organization aiming to support, advocate, and provide services to disabled persons. What was once a small, parent-led association for children with cerebral palsy, is now a much larger agency that delivers assistance, housing, and many other services to the developmentally disabled community and their families in the rural areas of upstate New York. Applying the Roemer Model to Able 2’s health care system gives a meaningful understanding of its organization, and recommendationsRead MoreDisabled Care in Brunei914 Words   |  4 Pagescare is categorised as people who are lack of abilities to function properly in their daily life for example physical disability, sensory disability, vision impairment or mental health problems. According to the United Nation, in 2012 there were 4,148 people or 1.06% of the total population consists of people with disability in Brunei (Mahmud, 2013). There are several non-profit organisations established in Brunei with the purpose of providing specialised care for the disabled such as SMARTER, TheRead MoreThe Fight Against Poverty Around The World1394 Words   |  6 Pages The social enterprises open a variety of employment opportunities for the people with disabilities, ma rginalized groups, youth, and women. In many countries the social enterprises are working closely together with the governmental organizations, both at national and local level. Today, entrepreneurs and enterprises with social responsibility around the world receive support from the non-profit organizations, foundations, governments, and individuals. However, despite the fact that the benefitsRead MoreDelivery Of Services At Local Libraries1169 Words   |  5 Pageswould like to participate in. In addition, those who do not require residential care but still are in need of disability services can receive support programs to help with daily functions. Able 2’s Day Habilitation provides their clients with social workers, nursing personnel, speech pathologists, occupational and physical therapy, as well as dietician guidance and physiological support (Able 2, 2016g). In addition to providing outside services to clients, those who require residential care receive aroundRead MoreThe Model Of A Health Care Delivery S ystem1165 Words   |  5 Pagesdelivery system shows the different necessary elements for a system to be successful. As health needs are the input; the system needs resources, organization of programs, economic support mechanisms, and delivery of services to provide the health needs output (Roemer, p 33). Able 2 is an organization that provides services to people with disabilities. They have many resources, but perhaps not enough to meet the health needs of every consumer. They have well organized programs, have economic support

Reputation Free Essays

Michael Sells 10/29/2012 Period:3rd Reputation Essay In life today there are numerous people that have different views on reputation. Reputation could be a desired thing to for people that worry about what people think of them. In a reversal view of reputation, some people don’t care what people think about them and go on about their life being who they truly are. We will write a custom essay sample on Reputation or any similar topic only for you Order Now All throughout history athletes in sports are sometimes viewed by their reputation and what others think about them. With good reputation people will look up to them and follow them in their life to try to be like them, and a lot of athletes love that. Athletes with bad reputations are most of the time, very dis-liked. An example of that would be Terrell Owens, because people see him on and off the field smack talking and being cocky everywhere he goes and the majority of the people hate that and start to get mad when they see him because of his reputation. In my opinion reputation is an important thing to have in life. With a good reputation, one would be treated better by people, better liked, and go further in life. I say that because, if there is an opportunity in person’s job where they can get a raise or move up from the position they are in, that person is more likely to succeed in that, than a person with a bad reputation. A person with a bad reputation won’t get the opportunity to be in the same position as the other person with the good reputation because; they wouldn’t be trusted as well. Shakespeare writes â€Å"reputation is an idle and most false imposition, oft got without merit and lost without deserving† the significance of that quote pertaining to the play is that the line is spoken by Iago who is the villain to Cassio. Cassio at that time fallen into dishonor, causing Othello to dismiss him as an officer, and Cassio is devastated and cries out â€Å"Reputation! Reputation! Reputation! O I have lost my reputation! † In the part of the quote that says â€Å"reputation is an idle and most false imposition.. †, and Iago tries to convince Cassio is that reputation is an empty and entirely imaginary â€Å"false† thing. Also that many people who have a good reputation, haven’t done anything to earn it, which is the â€Å"merit† part of the quote. Then â€Å"†¦ without deserving† means that, many people who have lost reputation haven’t done anything to deserve the loss of it. How to cite Reputation, Papers

Contract Formation Law and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Contract Formation for Law and Practice. Answer: Introduction: A contract is a document which creates legal relations between two or more parties, and in which two or more parties promise to do something, in exchange for a consideration[1]. A contract has six essential elements, which are an offer, an acceptance, a consideration, capacity, clarity and intent[2]. Consideration is a crucial element of a contract, and without a consideration, the contacts are considered void in majority of the cases[3]. In the following parts, the various aspects related to consideration have been highlighted. Consideration is the value which is promised by one of the contracting parties, during the formation of the contract, to the other contracting parties, for doing or from refraining to do the promised task. In short, consideration is the price for the promise made[4]. Without a consideration, the contract is void, unless such a contract is made to compensate, whether partly or wholly, for the promise which has already been fulfilled, or such a contract is written and registered within the applicable law, and is given on account of affection and natural love, amongst the contracting parties[5]. Consideration is one of the critical hinges, upon which the contracting system is based[6]. The consideration can be anything, which has certain value, and includes goods or series, which are generally exchanged under the contract, so as to give the validity to the contract. For a specific promise, the consideration exists when some benefit, right, interest or profit is accrued due to some responsibility or forbearance, which has been given or undertaken due by the promise[7]. It signifies that some kind of advantage or benefit has been passed on to a party, or some loss or detriment has been suffered by the other party. So, consideration has an evidentiary purpose in the eyes of the law, as it signifies loss, detriment, interest or benefit, undertaken or suffered by the other party[8]. The consideration has to be executed or executory, but it cannot be past. In other words, the consideration has to be brought into existence, either after or with the promise[9]. If the consideration comes before the promise, it is not considered a good consideration. In the case of Roscorla v Thomas[10], this very notion was held, and the judges concluded that the promise was not binding. This was because in this case, the sole consideration which was provided in the promise regarding the soundness of the horse was related to the entering in the original contract; and this happened even before the promise was made. Consideration can be anything which is decided between the parties, as long as it has an economic value[11]. In the case of Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd[12], Lord Somervell held that the consideration can stipulated by the contracting parties. This is a landmark case confirming the doctrine that the consideration needs not to be adequate, but has to be sufficient. As the wrappers were more than simply a condition which was precedent, the three wrappers were considered as a party of the consideration. In general parlance, adequacy and sufficiency, have same meaning, but when it comes to the legal parlance, adequacy relates to the situation in which the price which an individual pays is disproportionate to the value of the thing which the individual receives in return[13]. For instance, Harry pays a price of $50 for a duplex; in such a case, it can be said without a doubt that the consideration is not adequate. Though, the courts view that it is the personal wish of an individual to decide at which price they want to sell the products or services, and so, the validity of a contract is not affected by the inadequacy of consideration. In the case of Grogan v. Cooke[14], Manners LC stated that the court will not minutely check the consideration for being full or ample, if it is evident that bona fide, the consideration is fair. It is quite correct notion that the courts do not consider each and every consideration to be adequate or inadequate as it would prove cumbersome and impracticable for the courts. This is because it is beyond the means of the court to fix or ascertain a value for the good or services contained in the contract, before they are bought to the court. For a consideration to be taken as sufficient, it has to be clearly established in the eyes of law that the consideration has an economic value[15]. Along with the consideration having an economic value, it needs to be of a kind or in a manner in which is recognized in the eyes of the law. There have been various instances where the insufficient consideration is considered acceptable and lawful, and these include cases of natural love, affection, prayers, moral duty, amongst the other things. For instance, if an individual promised to carry out certain task, which was already obligated upon him by the law, in such a case, this would not amount to being a sufficient consideration to form a contract. This is because, here the individual simply repeats the obligation which is already required of them, and there is no new obligation. A duty which is already owed by the individual, the performance of such a duty is an insufficient consideration under the law[16]. In the case of Collins v Godefrey[17], after a subpoena had been issued to the plaintiff, he had given the evidence at the civil trial. Later on, the defendant made a promise where he would pay a fee of six guineas to the plaintiff. But, it was held subsequently that the owed fee could not be recovered by the plaintiff, due to the absence of a consideration for the promise, as he was under a legal obligation to attend the trial as per the subpoena. So, when the law imposes a public duty over an individual, it cannot be considered as a sufficient consideration. When an individual is bound by the terms of the pre-existing contract, which creates an obligation over the other party, the sufficiency of the consideration is absent[18]. If a promise is made by plaintiff to the other party, to carry out a promise which was previously made by the other party, in such a case, the consideration taken to be insufficient. This is because the plaintiff owes the promise to the other party already, due to the pre-existing contract, and hence, the promise is to meet the obligation which is already owed to the other party[19]. This can be seen in the matter of Stilk v Myrick[20], the plaintiff was under the obligation because of a pre-existing contract, to sail a ship from London to Baltic and bring it back. Before the ship could go back to London, two of the members of the crew jumped the ship. The work of the two members was done by the other crew members and as a kind gesture towards the crew, for doing the extra work, the captain promised, that the wages of the jumped crew members, would be divided between the rest of the crew members. But, upon returning to London, the ship owner refused to pay the promised extra wage. The claim made by the defendant was that the work done by the members was the one which the contract required them to undertake and so, no extra wages had to be paid. This reasoning was agreed upon the court and stated that the crew members had simply carried on the work, which was obligated on them, and which was to sail the ship back to home, as per their contract. Generally, affection and natural love are the promises which are made with the families. In the matter of Re Wilson[21], the father had made a promise to give his property to his son for love and affection. Following this, he made a promise to pay an allowance to his son, as assistance in the maintenance of the property. In this case, the judge Johnson J considered that the relationship between the case parties, along with the circumstances in which the dealing took place, made it impossible to hold this as a bounty by a father on his son, and not the making of a bargain which involved mutual consideration. In other words, the judge held that there was no agreement for a valuable consideration. The decision was rightly made in this case, as the father made a generous promise by giving his property to his son and the maintenance allowance. As has already been highlighted in the earlier parts, the court cannot decide the value of the time of son or the materials that are needed for the assistance or maintenance of the property, and so, it is difficult to agree with the decisions of the judges. In one of the Canadian cases of Zecevic v The Russian Orthodox Christ the Saviour Cathedral[22], the church, along with its priest was sued by the plaintiff, after the priest failed to perform the funeral service. The subject of money never arose between the priest and the plaintiff, the plaintiff had not paid any fees to the plaintiff for the funeral service, and a fee was not set for the funeral services. But, the experience of priest dictated that the payment for such series ranged from 0 to $800, and it customary to pay the priest for the funeral. Gray J, in t he Ontario High Court, stated that in the given case, there was an absence of an intention, to enter into legal relationship, as there was no promise regarding the payment. And this implies that there was an insufficient consideration in this agreement. In the case of Pando v. Fernandez[23], prayer was considered as an essential part of the contract amongst the parties. Since the efficiency of the prayer could not be measured or proved in any court, so, a prayer was not taken as a sufficient consideration. In this case, the plaintiff was very religious and he had claimed that he had made a purchase of the winning lottery ticket, the worth of which was $2.8 million, with the money of the defendant, as she had promised to give him a share of the prize money on equal basis, provided that he prayed to Saint Eleggua, and produce the lottery number of her ticket, so that she could win the lottery. The New York Supreme Court held that the plaintiff could not provide the evidence that the prayer was effective and that the prayers of the saint had resulted in the selection of the lottery numbers, which led to the winning of lottery. So, it cannot be proved that the terms of the contract had been complied with. Further, the court stated that an antithesis of proof or evidence is faith. Hence, an individual cannot establish that the prayers or faith has resulted in an event. The judges emphasized on the part that the prayer was the main question here and not the winning numbers. And so, the consideration was not sufficient in this case[24]. But when an act is done, which is beyond the duty stated, it can be considered as a valid consideration. An example of this is the case of Glasbrook Bros Ltd v Glamorgan[25], in which the plaintiff had requested the police to provide him with a guard for full time, which would protect the mine during the strike and in exchange, money was offered. The judges held that even though it was the duty of the police to protect, it was not their duty to provide an individual with a full time guard. And so, the payment for the guard service was a valid consideration, as it was beyond the call of duty. Also, if the duty covered in the pre-existing contract is exceeded, then it is taken to be sufficient consideration. In the case of Hartley v Ponsonby[26], the crew was offered addition money if they remained loyal and agreed to work in dangerous conditions. Since, this money was offered for something which was beyond their pre-existing contract, it was held to be a sufficient consideration. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that consideration is a crucial element to any contract and without a valid consideration, the contract is not valid. Though, there are various exceptions to this rule and these are the cases of contract covering prayer, moral duty, love and affection, amongst the other things. Consideration can be anything which is stipulated or fixed between the contracting parties, as long as it has an economic value. In the previous parts, the various aspects of contract were also highlighted. The consideration cannot be a past consideration and has to be executed or executory. Most importantly, a consideration can be inadequate, as the parties are free to decide what it is; but, it cannot be insufficient. The sufficiency of the consideration relates to the consideration having value in the eyes of law. So, it can be summarized that a consideration is an important element of a contracts, and has to be sufficient in the eyes of law, though it can be inadequate, due to the freedom provided to the parties, to choose what the consideration would be. Bibliography Andrews, A, Contract Law (Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2015) Carter, JW, Peden, E, and Tolhurst, G, Contract Law in Australia (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2007) Elliott, C, and Quinn, F, Contract Law (Pearson Education Limited, 9th ed, 2013) Furmston, M, and Tolhurst, GJ, Contract Formation: Law and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2010) Gibson, A, and Fraser, D, Business Law 2014 (Pearson Australia, 2014) Latimer, P, Australian Business Law 2012 (CCH Australia Limited, 31st ed., 2012) Macdonald, E, and Atkins, R, Koffman Macdonald's Law of Contract (Oxford University Press, 8th ed, 2014) McKendrick, E and Liu, Q, Contract Law: Australian Edition (Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) Miller, R, and Jentz, G, Business Law Today: The Essentials (Thompson Advantage Books, 8th ed, 2007) Poole, J, Casebook on Contract Law (Oxford University Press, 2016) Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 Collins v Godefrey (1831) 1 B Ad 950 Glasbrook Bros Ltd v Glamorgan [1925] AC 270 Grogan v. Cooke (1812) 2 Ball B 230 Hartley v Ponsonby (1857) 7 EB 872 Pando v. Fernandez, 127 Misc.2d 224 (N.Y. Sup Ct. 1984) Re Wilson (1933) IR 729 Roscorla v Thomas (1842) 3 QB 234 Stilk v Myrick [1809] EWHC KB J58 Zecevic v The Russian Orthodox Christ the Saviour Cathedral [1988] O.J. No. 1282 Australian Contract Law, Consideration (2015) https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-consideration.html#considpast Alden, S, Ottaway, A, and Tetstall, J, Australia: Drafting contracts: guidance on managing ambiguity (2012) https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/163072/Contracts+Deeds/Drafting+contracts+guidance+on+managing+ambiguity Casetext, Pando V. Fernandez (2017) https://casetext.com/case/pando-v-fernandez-2 Hong, C, What are the elements of a contract? (29 July 2015) https://www.hillhouse.com.au/legal-question/what-are-the-elements-of-a-contract/ Lawyer, Creating a Contract (2017) https://www.lawyer.ie/company-law/creating-a-legally-enforceably-contract/ The Law Handbook, Elements of a contract (30 June 2015) https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/